2
  -2023
..  
 ()
:      :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.       :
(i) 
(ii) ,   
2.             
-
3.         ? , , ,    
   
4.            
-
5.        
2
6.       
-
7.            
8.            
  -2023
..  
 ()
:      :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.       :
(i) 
(ii) ,   
: 1.      
(i)  ()
2
 ""         
;    
    
   
          ,   
   ,    ', 
        
     
         -  , 
     -    
  
         " ()" + " ()", ,  
   
   ,          :
1.  () -    
2.  () -      
3.  () - 
 ,  
    , 
        
,       ,    
 
  :
 () -             
 () -   7    (, , , , , , )
 () -    
 () -   '   
 () -   
 ,          
(ii) ,    (,   )
            ()  

 : ,   
 (Aaroh ):  
   ""   ,      
 ,        ()    
    
   - 
     ,      
:
2
  
    ,    :
     '

  ()      , , , ,        
      
     , -    
  :
           
         
 (Avaroh ):  
     ,      -     
 ,         
:
   ,  :
'     

           
     -   ,  -    
  :
              
           
 ():     
    
            
     , 
     ?
  

    ""  ""  ,        
            
2
                   
   ,          
:
  ,  :
      
             
   

 
  
 ,          , "  !"
  :
        
  ""  "" 
 
,       
,     - 
  '                
             '    
                  
     

 ,              
()  , "     ,     
 "
  , "           ?"
    , "              
 
   ,  
      "
          :     ()   ,  
      ()   
 :  ,  ,     
       ,         
   ,    , "   !"   
      
,         

2

, ,         
  
 ,       -   
            
 
       ,  
  
    ,        
      
   ,  
    
  ,          
 ,     
 -  ,        
         
2.             
: -
        ,    , 
 
        ,     
 ,           
    
    '    
          ,  , 
      '       , 
  -          
  
                 
         ,        
   
1.  
               
      - -        
      '      ,    
        
2
             -   
                 
        
2.  
          13
       
           ,    
          ,     
      
,       
  '  
3.  
    ,       ,    
      
         
               
             
4.    
18
 19
 ,          - "" 
 ,      ,        :
 
 
 
 
 
    ,          
   
20
 ,   ,         
       '  
  
          , ,     
            
2
1.  ( )
:         
:,  
: ,     
:       ()   
   :
 (  ):             
 
 ( ):            
             
   
 (  ):   '  
 ( ):       
 ():           

 (  ):-      
2.  ( )
:  '            ,
      
:     
:  -     
   :
:  ,     -     
:  ,     
 
  : '   
:           -  
   
2
    
 -   ""   
   -  
        "," "," "," ","    
      ( )       
     ,    ,  (   
),   (   )        

       -    ,   ,   
            ,  - 
         ,  ,   
        
                
              
-
3.         ? , , ,    
   
:       
              ,    
               
 -      
1.   ?
''                  
          ,     
  
     :
  ( )-       
   
  ( )         
2
  ( )-         
    
             ,   
      
2.   ?
                
                
   ()          
              :

  16  
  12  
   7  
  10  
           ,    
  '   ,             

 
      
     

    '            ,   

,   
    ,     ,    
       
,   

,      -     ,   -    ,
 ,  -         ,     
           
           :
-            
-         
   -        
2
   ,        
   
   ,  ,         
 '     
    
        :
1.  () - 
                   
    ,       
 ,  16            16
       '        
2.  ()- 
               
    
 ,   16    4          4
 :
| 1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16 |
    ()    ()      
 
 
               
 
3.  () - 
          
     
     
   , , 
 
     
  '  
 :
  -   ()
  - 

2
  - 

 
               
          
4.  ()- 
               
 , 9               ,  
 
           
                 
       
5.  (Sam) -  
            
                   
              

          
   , 

      '  
 
       
 ,       
  
:
      
   ,       
      ,  ,   ,       
    '   
  - , , , ,   -      

    ,           
   ,           
 
    ,       ,  
               
   
2
4.            
:-
             
      ,  -,     
  20
           
            , 
   ,         ,    
 
      ,       
      (18621972)
     1862        
              ,     
                
,    ,     ,          
    
  ,         ,    
                
 
 
        ( )    
,   ( ) ,     ,  
   ,    ,         
               ,
         
,               
,              - 
             
          12      , 
 ,   ,     - ,   
   
2
   
      
        
      -     :
 -   


 



     ,   ,    , 
      
   
   ,           
             
           ,  
    ,         
            
                
        
 ,          ,    
             
    
                 ,
     ,          
             :
1.   -          

2.    -       ,   
          
2
3.    ,          
4.    -,      
5.   -     (  )   

             - 
 
   
     ,          
               :
  ()-       

 
  - ,  ,      
     -       
 
 -  ,        
,      
       ,        
   
  
      
,        
   :
  (1958)
  (1971)
    -         
  (   )     
2
   
       ,       
     
 , -   ,    
      ,         
         ,       
 110     
 , 1972            ,
          

 

             
    ,     ,    
       
         
            
         
,    
     
             ,    
             ,
     
,       ,    
 
 
-
5.        
:    -
     ,    ( )  ,  
    '           , 
     ,    ,     
 
""     , ,   ,      

       ,         
              
   -- 
2
  
 (-  ):
 ( ): (  5 ,   7)
 (   ): ()
 (    ): ()
 ():
   ()   '
 ,   ()   
  ( )      
 
 ():
'    ()   
      ()
 :
    ( )     ( )        -
  -             
  :
      ,    '  7    10     
               '  
   ():
      :
 ()
 ()
   ( )
2
   '           
  
 ( ):
""             
    
""  
  :
   | ()  | , ()  |  
             
 (  ):
               ,  
              :
 ,
,
    
   :
    -   , , ,   ' -    
   :
 (, -- -)
 ( )
 (     
 )
 (    )
    
        ,          
2
  ?
         ()       , , 
   '   
 =  
 =  
 =   ( 
   )
   :
  ,   :
 (16 )   (12 ) '  
    
 (, )        
    :
1. :      ,      


2.  ( ):        
3.  ( ):     () '     
 
4. :      ,   (   ), 
(),  
() 
 
       :
    ()   | ()   '    () |   
       
          
  ()         
   :
  ,    
2
      
   ,       

           
         
  
 :
1.  
 :   ,         
2.    :         
3.      :  ,     
 
4.  :   '       
 ,  
    
 
:
             
 
     ,         
      
 
         
,  ,     
    ,        
           
      '    ,         
     ,          
  
6.       
:   ( ) -   
     -
   ,  ( )   ( )  
,  ( )    
         
2
   ,     ,      ,  

            ,    
     -         

 
       ,          
    '          ,  
,  ,  ,     ,     
 
1.    
''     ,  ''     
         
   -    
() ,    16-   
 
""  (   )  ,        
      ,     '     
    
2.    
   16     4   ()       
  4   
    :
:
|     |     |     |     |
:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
 ()  1,  5,   13 '  
 ()  9 '  
 :
 ( ):  1 -      
 1:  5 - 
 ( ):  9 - 
2
 2:  13 - 
3.   
i.  ():
          ,      
         (   )  '   
ii.  ():
          
     

       
iii.  ():
                  
             
iv.  ():
     .    4  ,  4 
4.    ()
       '          
    
     :
    |     |     |    
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
   
  (  )       
  
:
-    
 -      
 -  ,   (    )
      
2
-  -            
 
 
5.     
  :
   -           
   16-    
 
  :
, , ,              
      
  :
    , , ,         
 '   
  ( , ):
 16-           ,   ( '
  3     )       
     
6.    
   
 '    :
1. 1       ()
2. 5 '    
3. 9 → '     
 
4. 13   → 1        
    -   
7.    
     ,        
     (      )  ,   
  
2
  :
 -  -  -  |  -  -  - 
    ,    ,        -  16  
  

8.      
   :
     
 
   ,        
       
 ,      
            

             
    

      
;         
16-   ,          

 
 
, , ,      -       
            ,   
             , 
             
-
7.            
:    -
  ,           
;  
                - 
2
   -           (  
 )     
              ,    
      ,       ,   
      
   -       
        
  ?
 ()    ,      (SGGS)      
""      ""  "",     ,   

         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 :
               :
 ( ),
 (    ),
 ( ),
     
 :




  :
       ,
    (5 )  
      
󷃆󼽢   :
1.   :               1 
     ,  2       , 
2.   :         -   
             
3.   :           
,      
2
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 SGGS  :
 1 -   
 2 -   
 3 -  
 4   
 5 -   
 9 -   
            ( 9)     
,             
 
  
      
  ?
,  ""             
            
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 :
""     ""  ""    ,      
  
         , ""   
   '      
󷘖    :
   ,        '  :
     (     ),
        '  ,
        
󷃆󼽢  :
1.    :        
,    
 -    
2.  :            
    
3.  ()  :     '  
'   ,       
2
󷉥󷉦 :
   '  :





,









,




:
" ,      -     ,      -   
,     "

,       :          
    
          
                 
         :
        ( ),
          
  ,      :
 () ,
  () ,
     (    
)

:
                
,      
              
  
            ,  
       
      
     
,         
    ,        ,    
   ,         
2
 '   , 
        ' 
, 
             
  
    ,        -    
   
8.            
:         
-:
        ,     ,    
   
,              
,     
 -    ,      
            
           
      
  
                
    
1.      :
                  
   ()          ,  (
),        ,         

  :
"  ,    "
          ,  
             '   
2.    ():
      974  ()   ,      ,  
         
     ( 
2
)                
    ,         
       
   , , , ,   
           ,      
           :
 
 
 
 
 
    31     ,          
       
3.    -:
                 
             
           ,      
   
 ,   (    ) 
    
  
 ,    
 ,        
  
 
                 
    

,    
      ,
            
4.      :
      ,      , 
            ,  
        
         -     
         
 -     
 
2
      ,         
(  )  
,         
5.    
:
         
       
  -     '   
    :
  ( )    
   
   ' ,        
   '  
,   ()   () '  

             
        
,     
6.      ' :
      ,            
 ,   ,           
  
               - 
         
7.    :
           :
" ,   ,    "
(



,




,








)
    :
 ()    
 
,      
2
   ,    ,    ()  
 
8.     ' :
        
        
:
 ,                 
      
                
           , , ,
,             
:
            
 -  ,
            , ,  
                 ,  
    
   
      ,          ,
   '           
 ,         

 
"               

       ,         "